Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the cervix which connects lower part of the uterus to the vagina. It occurs when cervical cells begin to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. These changes often develop slowly over several years.

Cervical cancer is commonly diagnosed in women over age of 30. The primary cause is due to persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common virus transmitted through sexual contact. Globally, cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women, with hundreds of thousands of new cases diagnosed each year.

The main cause of cervical cancer is a long-term infection with high-risk HPV types. While most HPV infections clear naturally, persistent infections can lead to abnormal changes in cervical cells that may develop into cancer.

Other factors that increase the risk of cervical cancer include:

• a weakened immune system
• smoking
• early sexual activity or multiple sexual partners, which increase the likelihood of HPV exposure
• limited access to regular cervical screening

Regular screening and early detection of abnormal cell changes play a crucial role in reducing the risk of cervical cancer and improving treatment outcomes.

In the early stages, cervical cancer often causes no noticeable symptoms, which is why regular screening is so important. As the disease progresses, common symptoms may include:

• unusual vaginal bleeding, such as after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
• heavier or longer menstrual periods than usual
• pelvic pain or pain during sexual activity
• unusual vaginal discharge, sometimes with an odor

It’s important to remember that these symptoms can also be caused by other health conditions. Anyone experiencing them should seek medical evaluation promptly.

Regular cervical screening is essential to detect abnormal cell changes before they develop into cancer. Screening usually starts around age 21, with the frequency depending on age and previous screening results. Recommended methods include:

• pap smear (Pap test): Examines cervical cells for abnormalities
• HPV test: Detects high-risk HPV infection
• colposcopy and biopsy: Performed if screening tests show abnormal results

Early detection through these methods allows effective treatment before cancer develops, hence significantly reduce the risk of invasive cervical cancer.

Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer and overall health. Options may include:

• surgery to remove abnormal tissue or the entire cervix
• radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells – externally and internally
• combination chemotherapy to target cancer cells throughout the body
• immunotherapy for advanced cervical cancer

Cancers detected at an early stage generally have better outcomes. Treatment plans are carefully personalized for each patient by a healthcare team.